Carl Jung
Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist who founded analytical psychology and developed influential theories concerning the unconscious, personality, symbolism, and psychological development. Born in Kesswil, Switzerland, he studied medicine at the University of Basel and specialized in psychiatry, working at the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital in Zurich under Eugen Bleuler. Jung became associated with Sigmund Freud and initially played an important role in the international psychoanalytic movement, serving as the first president of the International Psychoanalytical Association, but their relationship broke down as Jung developed views that diverged substantially from Freud’s conception of libido and the unconscious. In Psychology of the Unconscious (1912) and subsequent writings, Jung developed the distinction between the personal and collective unconscious and proposed that the latter contains archetypal patterns expressed through myths, dreams, religions, and symbols. He also developed influential concepts including introversion and extraversion, psychological types, the persona, shadow, anima and animus, and individuation, which he understood as a process of integrating conscious and unconscious aspects of the personality. Jung’s work subsequently influenced psychiatry, psychotherapy, religious studies, literature, and the visual arts, although several of his theoretical claims remain controversial within contemporary scientific psychology.